Microsoft word - d_pharm_part-2_syllabus.doc

DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (PART –I)
2.1 PHARMACEUTICS II :Theory (75 hours)
1. Dispensing Pharmacy:
(i) Prescriptions –Reading and understanding of prescription; Latin terms commonly used (Detailed study is
not necessary), Modern methods of prescribing, adoption of metric system. Calculations involved in dispensing. (ii) Incompatibilities in Prescriptions –Study of various types of incompatibilities –physical, chemical and (iii) Posology—Dose and Dosage of drugs, Factors influencing dose, Calculations of doses on the basis of age, sex and surface area. Veterinary doses. (Note: A detailed study of the following dispensed medication is necessary. Methods of preparation with theoretical and practical aspects, use of appropriate containers and closures. Special labelling requirements and storage conditions should be high –lighted). (i) Powders –Types of powders –Advantages and disadvantages of powders, Granules, Cachets and Tablet triturates. Preparation of different types of powders encountered in prescriptions. Weighing methods, possible errors in weighing, minimum weighable amounts and weighing of material below the minimum weighable amount, geometric dilution and proper usage and care of dispensing balance. (a). Monophasic–Theoretical aspects including commonly used vehicles, essential adjuvant like stabilizers, Review of the following monophasic liquids with details of formulation and practical methods. i) Liquids for internal administration: Mixtures and concentrates, Syrups, Elixirs ii) Liquids for external administration or used on mucus membranes: Gargles, Mouth washes, Throat paints, Douches, Ear Drops, Nasal drops & Sprays, Liniments, Lotions. (i) Suspension (elementary study)----Suspensions containing diffusible solids and liquids and their preparations. Study of the adjuvants used like thickening agents, wetting agents, their necessity and quantity to be incorporated. Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids like, tinctures, their preparations and stability. Suspensions produced by chemical reaction. An introduction to flocculated, non-flocculated suspension system. (ii) Emulsions –Types of emulsions, identification of emulsion system, formulation of emulsions, selection of emulsifying agents. Instabilities in emulsions. Preservation of emulsions. (a) Ointments–Types of ointments, classification and selection of dermatological vehicles. Preparation and stability of ointments by the following processes: (i) Trituration (ii) Fusion (iii) Chemical reaction (iv) Emulsification. (b) Pastes--- Difference between ointments and pastes, bases of pastes. Preparation of pastes and their (c) Jellies –An introduction to the different types of jellies and their preparation. (e) Suppositories and pessaries –Their relative merits and demerits, types of suppositories, suppository bases, classification, properties, Preparation and packing of suppositories. Use of suppositories for drug absorption. Introduction to Dentrifices, Facial cosmetics, Deodorants, Antiperspirants, Shampoos, Hair dressing and Hair (a) Parenteral dosage forms—Definitions, General requirements for parenteral dosage forms. Types of parenteral formulations, vehicles, adjuvants, processing, personnel, facilities and Quality control. Preparation of Intravenous fluids and admixtures –Total parenteral nutrition, Dialysis fluids. (b) Sterility testing, Particulate matter monitoring –Faulty seal packaging. (c) Ophthalmic Products –Study of essential characteristics of different ophthalmic preparations. Formulation additives, special precautions in handling and storage of ophthalmic products. 2.2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTY II :Theory (100 hours)
1. Introduction to the nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to heterocyclic 2. The Chemistry of following Pharmaceutical organic compounds, covering their nomenclature, chemical structure, uses and the important Physical and Chemical properties (Chemical structure of only those compounds marked with asterisk (*). The stability and storage conditions and the different type of Pharmaceutical formulations of these drugs and Antiseptics and Disinfectants –Proflavine, * Benzalkoniumchloride, Cetrimide, Chlorocresol*, Chloroxylene, Formaldehyde solution, Hexachlorophene, Liquified phenol, Nitrofurantoin. Sulfonamides-Sulfadiazine, Sulfaguanidine*, Phthalysulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamethoxypridazine, Sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole, Sulfacetamide*. Antileprotic Drugs –Clofazimine, Thiambutosine, Dapsone*, Solapsone. Anti-tubercular Drugs –Isoniazid*, PAS*, Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Ethambutol*, Thiacetazone, Ethionamide, Antiamoebic and Anthelmintic Drugs- Emetine, Metronidazole*, Halogenated hydroxyquinolines, diloxanidefuroate, Paramomycin Piperazine*, Mebendazole, D.E.C*,. Antibiotics –Benzyl Penicillin*, Phenoxy methyl Penicillin*, Benzathine Penicillin Ampicillin*, Cloxacillin, Carbenicillin, Gentamicin, Neomycin , Erythromycin , Tetracycline, Cephalexin, Cephaloridine , Cephalothin, Griseofulvin , Chloramphenicol. Antifungal agents –Undecylenic acid, Tolnaftate, Nystatin, Amphotericin, Hamycin. Antimalarial Drugs –Chloroquine*, Amodiaquine, Primaquine, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine*, Quinine, Tranquilizers –Chlorpromazine*, Prochlorperazine, TrifluoPerazine, Thiothixene, Haloperidol*, Triperidol, Oxypertine, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Lorazepam, Meprobamate. Hypnotics—Phenobarbitone*, Butobarbitone, Cyclobarbitone, Nitrazepam, Glutethimide*, Methyprylone, General Anaesthetics –Halothane*, Cyclopropane*, Diethyl ether*, Methohexital sodium, Thiopental sodium, Antidepressant Drugs—Amitriptyline, Nortryptyline, Imipramine *, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine. Analeptics –Theophylline, Caffeine*, Coramine*, Dextroamphetamine. Adrenergic Drugs –Adrenaline*, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline*, Phenylephrine Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Adrenergic Antagoinst –Tolazoline, Propranolol*, Practolol. Cholinergic Drugs –Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Pralidoxime, Pilocarpine, Physostigmine*. Cholinergic Antagonists –Atropine*, Hysocine, Homatropine, Propantheline*, Benztrophine, Tropicamide, Diuretic Drugs –Furosemide*, Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothaizide*, Benzthiazide, Urea*, Mannitol *, Cardiovascular Drugs –Ethyl nitrite*, Glyceryl trinitrate, Alpha methyl dopa, Guanethidine, Clofibrate, Hypoglycemic Agents –Insulin, Chlorpropamide*, Tolbutamide, Glibenclamide, Phenformin *, Metformin. Coagulants and Anti –Coagulants –Heparin, Thrombin, Menadione*, Bishydroxycoumarin, Warfarin Sodium. Local Anaesthetics –Lignocaine*, Procaine*, Benzocaine. Histamine and Anti–histaminic Agents-Histamine, Diphenhydramine*, Promethazine, Cyproheptadine, Mepyramine, Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine*. Analgesics and Anti-pyretics–Morphin, Pethidine*, Codeine, Methadone, Aspirin*, Paracetamol*, Analgin, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Agents –Indomethacin*, phenylbutazone*, Oxyphenbutazone, Ibuprofen, Thyroxine and Antithyroids –Thyroxine*, Methimazole, Methylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil. Diagnostic Agents-Iopanoic Acid, Propyliodone, Sulfobromophthalein. Sodium indigotindisulfonate, Indigo Carmine, Evans blue, Congo Red, Fluorescein Sodium . *Anticonvulsants, cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmic antihypertensives & vitamins. Steroidal Drugs –Betamethazone, Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, prednisolone, Progesterone, Testosterone, Anti- Neoplastic Drugs –Actinomycins, Azathioprine, Busulphan, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin cyclophosphamide, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Fluorouracil, Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Mytomycin. 2.3 PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY:Theory (75 hours)
1. Introduction to Pharmacology, scope of Pharmacology.
2. Routes of administration of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Various processes of absorption of drugs and the factors affecting them, Metabolism, distribution and
4. General mechanism of drugs action and the factors which modify drug action. 5. Pharmacological classification of drugs. The discussion of drugs should emphasise the following aspect: (i)Drugs acting on the Central Nervous System: (a) General anaesthetics, adjunction to anaesthesia, intravenuous anasesthetics. (b) Analgesic antipyretics and non-steroidal anti –inflammatory drugs, Narcotic analgesics, Antirheumatic and antigout remedies, Sedatives and Hypnotics, Psychopharmacological agents, anti convulsants, analeptics. (c) Centrally acting muscle relaxants and anti parkinsonism agents (ii) Local anaesthetics. (iii) Drug acting on autonomic nervous system. (a) Cholinergic drug, Anticholinergic drugs, anti cholinesterase drugs. (b) Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic recepter blockers. (c) Neurones blockers and ganglion blockers. (d) Neuromuscular blockers, drugs used in myasthenia gravis. (iv) Drugs acting on eye, mydriatics, drugs used in glaucoma. (v) Drugs acting on respiratory system –Respiratory stimulants, Bronchodilators, Nasal decongestants, (vi)Antacids, Physiological role of histamine and serotonin, Histamine and Antihistamines, Prostaglandins. (vii) Cardio Vascular drugs, Cardiotonics, Antiarrhythmic agents, Antianginal agents, Antihypertensive agents, Peripheral Vasodilators and drugs used in atherosclerosis. (viii) Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs. Haematinics, Coagulants and anti Coagulants, Haemostatics, Blood substitutes and plasma expanders. (ix) Drugs affecting renal function-Diuretics and antidiuretics. (x) Hormones and hormone antagonists –hypoglycemic agents, Antithyroid drugs, sex hormones and oral (xi) Drugs acting on digestive system-Carminatives, digestants Bitters, Antacids and drugs used in Peptic ulcer, purgatives, and laxatives, Antidiarrhoeals, Emetics, Antiemetics, Anti-spasmodics. Chemotherapy of microbial disease ;Urinary antiseptics, Sulphonamides, Penicillins, Streptomycin, Tetracylines and other antibiotics, Antitubercular agents, Antifungal agents, antiviral drugs, antileprotic drugs. 6. Chemotherapy of protozoal diseases Anthelmintic drugs.
7. Chemotherapy of cancer.
8. Disinfectants and antiseptics.
(A detailed study of the action of drugs on each organ is not necessary)

2.4 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE: Theory (50 hours)
1. Origin and nature of Pharmaceutical legislation in India, its scope and objectives. Evolution of the “Concept of Pharmacy” as an integral part of the Health Care System. 2. Principles and significance of Professional Ethics. Critical study of the code of Pharmaceutical Ethics 3. Pharmacy Act, 1948 –The General study of the Pharmacy Act with special reference to Education Regulations, working of State and Central Councils, constitution of these councils and functions, Registration procedures under the Act. 4. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940—General study of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and the Rules thereunder. Definitions and salient features related to retail and wholesale distribution of drugs. The powers of Inspectors, the sampling procedures and the procedure and formalities in obtaining licences under the rule. Facilities to be provided for running a Pharmacy effectively. General study of the Schedules with special reference of schedules C, C1, F, G, J, H, P and X and salient features of labelling and storage condition of drugs. 5. The Drug and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 1945-General study of the Act Objectives, special reference to be laid on Advertisements. Magic remedies and objectionable and permitted advertisements –disease which cannot be claimed to be cured. 6. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985-A brief study of the act with special reference to its 7. Brief introduction to the study of the following acts.
1. Latest Drugs (Price Control) Order in force.
2. Poisons Act 1919 (as amended to date)
3. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1995 (as amended to date)
4. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 (as amended to date)
2.5 DRUG STORE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Theory (75 hours)
Part –I Commerce (50 hours)
1. Introduction-Trade, Industry and Commerce, Functions and subdivision of Commerce, Introduction of
2. Forms of Business Organisations. 3. Channels of Distribution. 4. Drug House Management –Selection of Site, Space Lay-out and legal requirements. Importance and objectives of Purchasing, selection of suppliers, credit information, tenders, contracts and price determination and legal requirements thereto. Codification, handling of drug stores and other hospital supplies. 5. Inventory Control –objects and importance, modern techniques like ABC, VED analysis, the lead time, inventory carrying cost, safety stock, minimum and maximum stock levels, economic order quantity, scrap and surplus disposal. 6. Sales Promotion, Market Research, Salesmanship, qualities of a salesman, Advertising and Window 7. Recruitment, training, evaluation and compensation of the pharmacist.
8. Banking and Finance Service and functions of the bank, Finance Planning and sources of finance.
Part –II Accountancy (25 hours)
1. Introduction to the accounting concepts and conventions, Double entry Book keeping, Different kinds of
2. Cash Book. 3. General Leger and Trial Balance. 4. Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. 5. Simple technique of analysing financial statements. Introduction to Budgetting.
2.6 HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY :Theory (75 hours)
Part –I :Hospital Pharmacy:

1. Hospitals Definition, Function, Classifications based on various criteria, organisation, Management and
2. Hospital Pharmacy: (a) Definition (b) Functions and objectives of Hospital Pharmaceutical services. (c) Location, Layout, Flow chart of material and men. (d) Personnel and facilities requirements including equipments based on individual and basic needs. (e) Requirements and abilities required for Hospital pharmacists. 3. Drug Distribution system in Hospitals: (a) Out –patient services (b) In-patient services –(a) types of services (b) detailed discussion of unit Dose system, Floor ward stock system, Satellite pharmacy services, Central sterile services, Bed Side Pharmacy. 4. Manufacturing: (a) Economical considerations, estimation of demand. (b) Sterile manufacture-large and small volume parenterals, facilities, requirements, layout production (c) Non-sterile manufacture –Liquid orals, externals-bulk concentrates. (d) Procurement of stores and testing of raw materials. 5. Nomenclature and uses of surgical instruments and Hospital Equipments and health accessories. 6. P.T.C (Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee), Hospital Formulary System and their organisation, functioning, 7. Drug Information service and Drug Information Bulletin. 8. Surgical dressing like cotton, gauze, bandages and adhesive tapes including their pharmacopoeial tests for quality. Other hospital supply e.g I.V sets B.G sets, Ryals tubes, Catheters, Syringes etc. 9. Application of computer in maintenance of records, inventory control, medication monitoring, drug information and data storage and retrieval in hospital and retail pharmacy establishments.
Part –II : Clinical Pharmacy.
1. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice –Definition, scope.
2. Modern dispensing aspects –Pharmacists and Patient counselling and advice for the use of common drugs,
3. Common daily terminology used in the Practice of Medicine. 4. Disease, manifestation and pathophysiology including salient symptoms to understand the disease like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cardiovascular diseases, Epilepsy, Diabetes, Peptic Ulcer, Hypertension. 5. Physiological parameters with their significance . 6. Drug Interactions: (a) Definition and introduction. (b) Mechanism of Drug Interaction. (c) Drug –drug interaction with reference to analgesics, diuretics, cardiovascular drugs, Gastro-intestinal agents, Vitamins and Hypoglycemic agents. (d) Drug –food interaction. 7. Adverse Drug Reactions.: (a) Definition and Significance. (b) Drug –induced diseases and Teratogenicity. 8. Drugs in Clinical Toxicity –Introduction, general treatment of poisoning, systematic antidotes. Treatment of insecticide poisoning, heavy metal poison, Narcotic drugs, Barbiturate, Organophosphours poisons. 9. Drug dependences, Drug abuse, addictive drugs and their treatment, complications. 10. Bio–availability of drugs, including factors affecting it.  

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