DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins Powerful Chemical Processing Tools Table of Contents
Introduction to Ion Exchange Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Applications - Ion Exchange Resins in Chemical Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
General Considerations for Use of Ion Exchange Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Resins as Solid Acid/Base Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Metal Recovery and/or Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Solution Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Chemical Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Fractionations/Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Resins as Desiccants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Laboratory - Evaluation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Applications and Recommended DOWEX resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Introduction DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins - The Functional Group. Following Powerful Chemical Processing
ing the flexibility of porosity control.
necessary in this area of processing.
alities that allowed the companiondevelopment of new processes utiliz-
Standard DOWEX Ion Exchange Beads
ing these ion exchange related prod-ucts. Processes such as IonRetardation, Ion Exclusion, AcidRetardation, Desiccation, RadiumRemoval, Chelation, and Catalysishave been pioneered by The DowChemical Company, and Dowremains committed to the continuingsupport of this diverse industry. Important Chemical and Physical Nature of Ion Exchange Resins The Matrix. The majority of the ion exchange resins manufactured in the world today are based on the poly- mer chemistry of styrene, crosslinked with divinylbenzene. The variety of copolymers and their functionalized products, available both conceptually DOWEX MONOSPHERE Ion Exchange Beads
and commercially, are many. Thispolymer system has also stood thetest of time as the most stable sys-tem, physically and chemically, ofany commercially available to date.
nificantly varied by changing theamount of divinylbenzene crosslink-ing agent, which alters the swollengel porosity of the finished ionexchange resin. Reaction rates arethus variable and controllable, as arethe size range of molecules that maydiffuse into and out of the resinstructure. True porosity can also bebuilt into the matrix during the orig-
DOWEX Resins Significant to Type I Strong Base Resins Chemical Processing Applications
different selectivity characteristicsresulting in enhanced iron rejection
Strong Acid Resins. As produced,
these resins contain exchangeableH+ cations which give the resins the
Polymeric Adsorbents. Polymeric CH3 – N+ – CH3
rials and excellent physical stability.
solution, effectively “salt splitting” and
Type II Strong Base Resins Ion Retardation Resins. Made by CH3 – N+ – CH2– CH2OH
unique ability to absorb ion pairs (ofsalts) from solution, retarding their
Weak Base Resins. These resins Strong Acid Resins
remove salt contamination from caustic solution. Styrene-DVB Copolymers. Dow Weak Base Resins
Styrene-DVB copolymers are freeflowing, spherical beads made from
Strong Base Resins. These CH3 – N – CH3 Weak Acid Resins. These resins
decolorization and precision fillers.
in improved regeneration efficiency. Chelating Resins. Special function- Applications - Ion Exchange Resins In Chemical Processing General Considerations for Use of Ion Exchange Resins Aqueous Solutions. Ion Exchange Resins as Solid Acid/Base Catalysts Strong Acid Resins are used in a
catalysts in place of soluble acids.
tion is 0.002 equivalents per liter.
effectively used in phenol alkylation. Strong Base Resins can replace Organic Solutions. In general, Advantages. DOWEX ion exchange
better the chance for ion exchangereactions to occur. Ethanol andmethanol support ionization reason-ably well. Figure 1. Catalytic Reaction - MTBE Production
oxidizing agents, should be avoided.
These materials can attack the resinand perhaps even cause a haz-
Stability Considerations.
which resin degradation occurs. Thestrong base resin in hydroxide formmay be used as base catalysts at
Metal Recovery and/or Concentration Cobalt/Nickel Recovery and Separation. For more than a Uranium Recovery. Of the many Chromate Recovery. Chromic acid
is suitable for recycle in the process. Copper Recovery Using Chelating Resins. Chelating resins are Precious Metal Recovery. In the
complexes with cyanides or chlorides. Solution Purification Figure 2. Iron Removal from Concentrated HCI
Complex mixtures of acids, alkalis orsalts can be purified using ion
Iron Removal from Hydrochloric (Muriatic) Acid. Hydrochloric acid used in steel pickling baths becomes contaminated with iron. To maintain the effectiveness of the bath, iron contamination must be maintained at a low level. The strong base resin, DOWEX MSA-1, has a high affinity
which the resin has for the anioniciron complex decreases, as the HClconcentration decreases, facilitatingthe stripping of iron from the resinwith a water wash. The wash wateris pH adjusted to keep trivalent ironin solution in the effluent strip solu-tion. Figure 2 shows this operation
Nitrate Removal from Water. Nitrate levels in water must be kept
low to meet public health standards.
out using sodium chloride solutions.
selectively, long runs are obtained. Formic Acid Removal from Phenol Removal from Aqueous Formaldehyde Solution. Formic Solution. Phenol contamination Aluminum Removal from Phosphoric Acid Bright Dip Bath. Radium Removal from Water. Chemical Conversions Iron Removal from Phosphoric Acid Pickling Solution. Steel pick- Silica Sol Production from Sodium Silicate. In the production of silica Reactivation Considerations. Resins as Desiccants Ideal for Non-polar Solvents.
terminals around the country bypassing through beds of DOWEX
Fractionations/Separations
A number of ion exchange process-es are chromatographic in nature. Figure 3. Ion Retardation Separation of NaOH & NaCI Acid Retardation Separation of Sulfuric Acid from Salts. Mixtures
of sulfuric acid and its salts are sep-arated by passage through a bed of
acid is the imbibed species, separa-tion from large organic salts is also
Ion Exclusion Separation of Glycerin from Salts. Using similar chromatographic operating tech-
niques, glycerin has been separatedfrom salts by passing the solution
salt is excluded by Donnan mem-brane exclusion effects. Ion Retardation Separation of Salts from Caustic. Caustic solu- tions (NaOH, KOH, etc.) are contam- inated with various levels of chloride salts in some production processes and in some uses. These materials can be substantially freed of the salt contamination by treating a caustic solution through a specific DOWEX Laboratory - Evaluation Considerations Batch Operation. Occasionally, the
see “Equilibrium Isotherm Testing”.
a desired separation. In thisapproach, equilibrium adsorption
Consider DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins for your Application Column Operation. Ion exchange
generally fixed at about 3 feet. Theadditional column depth is to allow
solutions being processed. Also, insome applications resins may swellsignificantly and care must be takento avoid column breakage. (NOTE:Resin expansion requires that col-umn configuration be such that thevolume change can occur vertically. Tall, narrow columns might restrainthis expansion and cause strong lateral pressures to develop in the column, resulting in resin beingcrushed, or in a column being ruptured). Applications and Recommended DOWEX Resins Catalysis Desiccation Solution Purification
Trivalent Chromium Removal from Chromate Solutions
Copper and Vanadium Recovery from Adipic Acid Manufacture
Metal Recovery And/Or Concentration
DOWEX SBP-P; DOWEX M 41;DOWEX OPTIPORE L285 OR L493
Fractionation/Separation Styrene-DVB Copolymers
For lubrication, void space maintainers, grinding media,
absorption and decolorization and precision fillers.
Other grades and sizes can be manufactured upon request
Polymeric Adsorbents For Liquid Applications For Vapor Applications Dow Liquid Separations Offices. For more information call Dow Liquid Separations: Dow Europe Dow Pacific Dow North America Dow Latin America Internet Dow Pacific
† Toll-free telephone number for the following countries: Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom
Warning: Oxidizing agents such as nitric acid attack organic ion exchange resins under certain conditions. This could lead to anything from slight resin degradation to a violent exothermic reaction (explosion). Before using strong oxidizing agents, consult sources knowledgeable in handling such materials. Notice: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer’s use and for ensuring that Customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.
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Curriculum Vitae Habibolah Khazaie Personal History: • Birth: 1971.03.21, Kermanshah, Iran • Marital Status: Married • Address: Farabi Hospital, Sleep Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Dolatabad Blvd, PO box: 6719851151, Kermanshah, Iran. • Phone: +98-918-8332426 (Cell Phone) • Email: [email protected]
Introduction