Si può desiderare di provare un trattamento naturale disfunzione erettile come un diverso per i problemi di costruzione. Al giorno d oggi ci sono diverse terapie sul mercato, ma un trattamento naturale disfunzione erettile è stato confermato qualche ora e ora di nuovo per dare risultati efficienti e permanenti. Cos è la disfunzione sessuale? L incapacità di sviluppare o sostenere una costruzione abbastanza lungo per fare l amore è chiamato disfunzione erettile, ED https://farmacia-senzaricetta.it/ o (maschio) problemi di erezione. Tutti gli uomini possono avere problemi di costruzione di volta in volta e gli scienziati considerano ED essere presenti se si verificano problemi di costruzione almeno il 25% del tempo. Alcuni fatti duri: ED Può essere dovuto a problemi emotivi. Stress, pressione, giltiness, depressione, bassa autostima e ansia prestazioni può essere la causa dei vostri problemi di costruzione. La ricerca ha confermato che il 90 per cento della disfunzione erettile è fisica in origine, non emotiva. L impotenza colpisce la maggior parte degli uomini durante la loro vita e può essere dovuto a troppo colesterolo, problemi cardiaci, diabete, ipertensione, fumo o alcol. Alcuni rimedi possono essere la ragione. Le questioni legate al movimento sono collegate. Se ti occupi dei tuoi problemi di movimento, hai piu possibilita di risolvere questo problema. Qui ci sono 5 consigli facili su come aumentare la circolazione: 1. Mangia i pasti giusti. Questo ti rendera il flusso sanguigno ovvio. Una grande parte di rimanere sani e anche mantenere il flusso sanguigno ovvio è legato al vostro piano di alimentazione quotidiana e quello che si mangia. Una buona cura per la disfunzione erettile è mangiare un piano a basso contenuto di grassi e grande alimentazione di fibre. Mangiare fibre tutti i giorni e questo viene scoperto in prodotti cerealicoli cereali integrali, frutta e verdura. Evitare il più possibile pasti pronti o pasti non sani. 2. Wonder herbal rimedi. Molti rimedi vegetali per ED eseguire bene come possono migliorare il movimento. Hanno molto meno reazioni avverse rispetto ai farmaci convenzionali e si svolgono in modo efficiente per migliorare hardons e la forza, troppo. Erbe naturali come Ginkgo Biloba sono utilizzati come una strategia per ED. Gli specialisti di erboristeria credono anche che le spezie o le erbe come noce moscata, portano al movimento intorno al corpo, tra cui il pene. 3. Vitamine naturali vitali. Gli scienziati sanitari hanno scoperto che una mancanza di supplemento è tipico tra gli uomini con ED in particolare vitamina A. Se si ha una mancanza del nutriente ossido di zinco, Questo è stato confermato per portare alla disfunzione erettile. Queste inadeguatezze derivano dal fatto che molti valori nutrizionali in quello che mangiamo piano non sono sufficienti. Aggiungere al vostro fabbisogno di nutrienti aumenterà la circolazione del sistema e migliorare questa condizione. Gli integratori alimentari sono completamente naturali, quindi non dovrete preoccuparvi dei rischi di reazioni avverse. Inoltre, queste vitamine naturali sono utili per il vostro benessere over-all. Oltre a questi vantaggi benessere, disfunzione erettile vitamine naturali e integratori costano molto meno di farmaci rimedi. 4. Esercitare. Fai una mossa e non un tablet vibrante. Camminare farà di più per migliorare e sostenere hardons di qualsiasi altra compressa chimica nel lungo periodo. Il fitness fisico manterrà bassi livelli di pressione e mantenere grandi stadi di movimento. Andando per un 20-30 minuti di movimento rapido ogni giorno, può affrontare questo problema e può sostenere la vostra libido senza l uso di qualsiasi farmaco. 5. Sottolineare. Questo è il peggior attaccante per problemi di erezione. Scopri diversi metodi per riposare. Alcuni metodi tipici per riposare includono la lettura di un libro, la meditazione, un bagno rilassante o allenamenti di respirazione. Sto solo imparando alcuni semplici allenamenti di respirazione che possono migliorare significativamente il movimento nel reparto pantaloni. Una naturale disfunzione erettile soluzioni di trattamento stanno diventando sempre più popolare con gli uomini. Questi rimedi a base di erbe sono preferiti perché non hanno reazioni avverse e sono confermati essere efficiente come il farmaco. La maggior parte degli uomini combattere parlano dei loro problemi, in particolare la disfunzione erettile come c è poca discussione sui problemi di erezione. La verita e che ED ha un impatto su piu di dieci milioni di uomini solo negli Stati Uniti. Non siete soli e l aiuto è disponibile.
Microsoft word - yindesuo4.doc
Rice Science, 2007, 14(3): 235-238 Copyright 2007, China National Rice Research Institute. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved
Identification of a Herbicide Safener AD-67 Inducible cDNA in Rice
YIN De-suo1, 2, SUN Xiao-qiong3, LI Ke1, 2, WANG Shi-quan1, 2, DENG Qi-ming1, 2, LI Ping1, 2(1 Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang611130, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resource and Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Ya’an 625014, China; 3 Sichuan Agricultural University High-Tech CO., LTD, Wenjiang 611130, China)Abstract: A herbicide safener AD-67 inducible cDNA was identified in an indica rice variety 9311 by mRNA differential display. The
transcript was increased 6 h after sprayed with the safener solution, and 4 days later, the expression still could be detected. The
fragment was recycled from the poly-gel and sequenced, and homologous analysis revealed the cDNA was 100% identical to some
ESTs and cDNAs in rice database, and the amino acid sequence was 60-84% homologous to those of the Yippee genes in several
eukaryotes. The fragment was extended to the whole long cDNA, and thus a primer pair was designed. RT-PCR analysis for the
designed primer supported the induction result.
Key words: rice; chemical induction; cDNA; mRNA differential display; herbicide safener; inducible gene
Chemical inducible promoter, as a tool of controlling gene
specific gene expression in plant without affecting growth and
expression, is important for plant research in laboratory and
development maybe still an effective way for discovering new
field application. The chemical inducible system can control
transgene expression both temporally and spatially, which has
AD-67 is a safener widely used in maize herbicide EPTC
an advantage to the old systems including the constitutive
(S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate). However, few reports
promoter and tissue specific promoter systems. This made the
revealed its mechanism and inducible gene. In this study, the
system become a new and powerful strategy for gene safener was used as the inducer to detect inducible gene.
analysis [1-2]. After Gatz and Quail first reported the tetracycline
induction system in 1988 [3], several induction systems were
MATERIALS AND METHODS
established and developed, such as copper, ethanol,
glucocorticoid, estrogen, ecdysone agonist, benzothiadiazole
Growth of rice seedlings
(BTH) and safener inducible systems [3-10]. These systems have
some applications in laboratory, but not yet in field due to
Seeds of rice variety 9311 were sterilized in 0.1% HgCl2
for 5 min and rinsed with sterile water, and then planted into
Herbicide safeners selectively protect crop plant from
growth chamber with cool-white fluorescent lamps under a
herbicide damage without reducing activity in target weed
photoperiod of 16 h/8 h (light/dark), 28℃ and a humidity of
species. The working mechanism of safener is not very clear,
85%. The seedlings were cultured in MS liquid medium and
several hypotheses were established to explain how the
grown over three weeks when the third leaves fully expanded.
safeners prevent the detrimental effects of herbicide, but many
At this stage, the plants are more sensitive to exogenous
studies produced inconsistent results. Generally, safener could
increase crop tolerance to herbicide [12]. The activities of some
genes were increased when plant was treated with safener, such
Treatment with AD-67 and extraction of total RNA
as the cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
Rice seedlings were treated by foliar spray with solution
genes, but these genes were constitutively or temporally
of AD-67 (3 g/L) in acetone, with acetone as the control. All of
expressed with development [13]. In 1991, Hershey’s group
the leaves were collected at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 4 d and 5 d
isolated two genes induced by benzenesulfonamide herbicide
after the treatments and stored at -80 ℃. Total RNA was
safener in maize, and the safener was used as a promoter to
extracted using Trizol agent (TaKaRa) according to the
develop a new inducible gene expression system for plant [14].
manufacturer instruction. After digestion by DNase, the RNA
This suggests that searching of compounds capable of inducing
was resuspended in DEPC water and diluted to 1 µg/µL, then
Received: 5 March 2007; Accepted: 6 July 2007 Corresponding author: LI Ping ([email protected]) Synthesis of the first strand cDNA
This paper was translated from its Chinese version in Chinese Journal of Rice Science, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2007, Pages 439-442.
Synthesis procedure was according to Promega M-MLV
manufacturer instructions. The 25 µL reaction system contained
Sequencing and RT-PCR analysis
2 µg RNA, 40 pmol anchor primer, 5 µL 5×RT buffer, 10
Nucleic acid and protein homology searches were
mol/L dNTPs of 5 µL, 25 U RNasin, 200 U M-MLV. The total
performed using the BLAST program at National Center of
RNA and primer were incubated at 70℃ for 5 min, followed
Biotechnology Information. Some data scanning were
by adding other components. The mixture was incubated at
conducted with DNAMAN6.0 bioinformatics software. Primers
42℃ for 1 h to complete the reaction, then at 95℃ for 10 min
responding to the cDNA were designed by Primer5.0, and
to end the reaction. Finally, the mixture was diluted to 100 µL
RT-PCR was carried out to check the expression of cDNA. Two
primers designed for RT-PCR were: Yipa, 5’CAGCAAAC
Differential display
CCATCAATC 3’; Yips, 5’TGGTCCTCGCCA GATA 3’.
The first strand cDNA products were used for PCR
amplification with three anchor primers and twelve arbitrary
primers. The anchor primers were: XTH1, 5’TGCCGAAGC TTTTTTTTTTTA3’; XTH
Differential display and sequencing
G3’; XTH3, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTTTTTTTTTC3’. The arbitrary
The fragments with significant differences between the
primes were: DD10, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTAGC3’; DD12,
control and treatment were selected, and one cDNA designed as
5’TGCCGAAGCTTGGAGAGT3’; DD18, 5’TGCCGAAGCT
ADT3-8 (Fig. 1) was used to sequence. After the sequence
TTGGTCAC3’; DD20, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTCAT3’; DD31,
being edited manually to remove vector and ambiguous
5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTCTG3’; DD33, 5’TGCCGAAGCTT
sequence, a fragment with final length of 256 bp was obtained
GGAGGAA3’; DD34, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTGAC3’; DD35,
5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTGAG3’; DD36, 5’TGCCGAAGCT
TGGAGGAT3’; DD38, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTGAT TGGC3’;
Homologous analysis of nucleotide and protein sequence
DD54, 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTGGTTCC3’; DD60, 5’TGCCGAA
Nucleotide sequence search by BLASTN revealed that
PCR was carried out in a 20 µL reaction system including
the cDNA was homologous to multiple ESTs, mRNAs and
2 µL cDNA products. The reaction mixture was subjected to
genomic sequences of rice with high identities (Table 1).
one cycle of denaturation at 94℃ for 5 min, annealing at 40℃
Interestingly, the homologous ESTs are mostly isolated from
for 4 min and extension at 72℃ for 2 min; 15 cycles of
the induced tissues and organs of rice, for example, the
denaturation at 94℃ for 45 s, annealing at 54℃ for 2 min and
CI491559 came from rice being induced by ACC, CI368508
extension at 72℃ for 1 min; and 20 cycles of denaturation at
and CI366717 were identified in the callus, the other ESTs
94℃ for 45 s, annealing at 60℃ for 2 min and extension at 72℃
were reported in the stem treated by γ ray. This suggested that
for 1 min; and final extension at 72℃ for 7 min.
the cDNA was a AD-67 inducible gene in rice.
The PCR products were denatured with formamide and
xylene at 95℃ for 10 min, then 4 µL products were separated on 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gels. After silver staining [15],
the bands showing differences between the control and
induction treatment were excised and recovered by boiling. The
cDNA fragments were re-amplified using the same PCR
conditions and primers as above, and recovered with agarose
gel electrophoresis. The purified fragments were linked to
Fig. 1. The result of differential display (silver staining).
Pmd18-T (TaKaRa) vector, and the positive clones were
The arrow shows the differential display band ADT3-8. The
induction time was from 0 h (CK) to 5 days.
>ADT3-8 5’TGCCGAAGCTTTTTTTTTTTCACATGACATTATATTTCATAAATGCAATTTAATGACGATGGTCCTCGCCAGATAATCAATTT
TGGGGAGAATTGAAACCCAATATTCAGCGATATTTTACATGGTTTCATATGCCTGCATTTGCAGACTTAATAGTTCAGCGGTT
TTCCAATCACTATCCTTCTTTCAGCATCATGTGCTTCTCTAATATATACTTGCCTTCTTTGTACTTCTGGTCCTCACCAAAGCTT CGGCA 3’ Fig. 2. Sequence of the differentially expressed fragment.
Black italic shows the primers of PCR, 5’ is the anchor primer and 3’ is the arbitrary primer.
YIN De-suo, et al. Identification of a Herbicide Safener AD-67 Inducible cDNA in Rice 237
Table 1. Nucleotide sequences homologous with ADT3-8 in rice. Fig. 3. RT-PCR analysis of inducible gene.
A. Yippee gene, the left is Marker DL2000; B. actin gene as
database can provide mass bioinformation to scientists, which
promote the rice research and release the researchers from the
laborious experimental work to the efficient computational
By BLASTX program, protein sequence analysis showed
Yippee is an intracellular protein in Drosophila, which is
that many Yippee genes in different species including yeastand
conserved in eukaryote according to the reports [16]. This
Tetrahymena thermophila shared the same function domain
suggested that Yippee gene is an important gene. The gene
with the cDNA (Table 2). Thus, we identified the mRNA
expressed when the Drosophila was infected by pathogens,
(GenBank accession No. XM_478909) as the transcript of the
functioning as an immune related protein. The Yippee gene of
ADT3-8 according the homologous sequences of the fragment.
rice we identified according to the cDNA fragment is induced
by safener AD-67, this is consistent with the results of previous
RT-PCR analysis
studies, which concluded that safener could induce the
Using the primers designed for the mRNA of rice Yippee
expression of R gene [12]. Therefore, we deduced that the
gene, RT-PCR result proved that the gene transcripts increased
mechanisms of immune responses in rice and Drosophila might
after induced by AD-67 (Fig. 3). The significant increase was
found at 6 h after treatment, with maximum at 12 h after
Although the function of Yippee gene was discussed in
treatment. At 5 days after treated by AD-67, the expression
some studies in Drosophila, its respondent in rice is still
could also be detected. Moreover, sequencing of the RT-PCR
unknown and should be studied. Moreover, if there is a
products showed the nucleotide sequence of the 731 bp PCR
regulator element in the 5’ upstream of the gene will also need
product was identical to the mRNA (GenBank accession No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DISCUSSION
This study was supported by the National High
Rice is the staple food crop, as well as the valuable model
Technology Research and Development Program of China
plant in cereal crops. The genome draft sequence of rice had
(Grant No. 2003AA212030), and the Program for Changjiang
been completed early in 2002, and the whole genome fine map
Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT)
had also been published by different groups. The rice genome
(Grant No. IRT0453). The authors thank to Dr. XU Zhengjun at
Table 2. Protein sequences homologous with ADT3-8.
the Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University for
in mammalian cells and transgene mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA,
his suggestions and directions on the experiment.
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