Si può desiderare di provare un trattamento naturale disfunzione erettile come un diverso per i problemi di costruzione. Al giorno d oggi ci sono diverse terapie sul mercato, ma un trattamento naturale disfunzione erettile è stato confermato qualche ora e ora di nuovo per dare risultati efficienti e permanenti. Cos è la disfunzione sessuale? L incapacità di sviluppare o sostenere una costruzione abbastanza lungo per fare l amore è chiamato disfunzione erettile, ED https://farmacia-senzaricetta.it/ o (maschio) problemi di erezione. Tutti gli uomini possono avere problemi di costruzione di volta in volta e gli scienziati considerano ED essere presenti se si verificano problemi di costruzione almeno il 25% del tempo. Alcuni fatti duri: ED Può essere dovuto a problemi emotivi. Stress, pressione, giltiness, depressione, bassa autostima e ansia prestazioni può essere la causa dei vostri problemi di costruzione. La ricerca ha confermato che il 90 per cento della disfunzione erettile è fisica in origine, non emotiva. L impotenza colpisce la maggior parte degli uomini durante la loro vita e può essere dovuto a troppo colesterolo, problemi cardiaci, diabete, ipertensione, fumo o alcol. Alcuni rimedi possono essere la ragione. Le questioni legate al movimento sono collegate. Se ti occupi dei tuoi problemi di movimento, hai piu possibilita di risolvere questo problema. Qui ci sono 5 consigli facili su come aumentare la circolazione: 1. Mangia i pasti giusti. Questo ti rendera il flusso sanguigno ovvio. Una grande parte di rimanere sani e anche mantenere il flusso sanguigno ovvio è legato al vostro piano di alimentazione quotidiana e quello che si mangia. Una buona cura per la disfunzione erettile è mangiare un piano a basso contenuto di grassi e grande alimentazione di fibre. Mangiare fibre tutti i giorni e questo viene scoperto in prodotti cerealicoli cereali integrali, frutta e verdura. Evitare il più possibile pasti pronti o pasti non sani. 2. Wonder herbal rimedi. Molti rimedi vegetali per ED eseguire bene come possono migliorare il movimento. Hanno molto meno reazioni avverse rispetto ai farmaci convenzionali e si svolgono in modo efficiente per migliorare hardons e la forza, troppo. Erbe naturali come Ginkgo Biloba sono utilizzati come una strategia per ED. Gli specialisti di erboristeria credono anche che le spezie o le erbe come noce moscata, portano al movimento intorno al corpo, tra cui il pene. 3. Vitamine naturali vitali. Gli scienziati sanitari hanno scoperto che una mancanza di supplemento è tipico tra gli uomini con ED in particolare vitamina A. Se si ha una mancanza del nutriente ossido di zinco, Questo è stato confermato per portare alla disfunzione erettile. Queste inadeguatezze derivano dal fatto che molti valori nutrizionali in quello che mangiamo piano non sono sufficienti. Aggiungere al vostro fabbisogno di nutrienti aumenterà la circolazione del sistema e migliorare questa condizione. Gli integratori alimentari sono completamente naturali, quindi non dovrete preoccuparvi dei rischi di reazioni avverse. Inoltre, queste vitamine naturali sono utili per il vostro benessere over-all. Oltre a questi vantaggi benessere, disfunzione erettile vitamine naturali e integratori costano molto meno di farmaci rimedi. 4. Esercitare. Fai una mossa e non un tablet vibrante. Camminare farà di più per migliorare e sostenere hardons di qualsiasi altra compressa chimica nel lungo periodo. Il fitness fisico manterrà bassi livelli di pressione e mantenere grandi stadi di movimento. Andando per un 20-30 minuti di movimento rapido ogni giorno, può affrontare questo problema e può sostenere la vostra libido senza l uso di qualsiasi farmaco. 5. Sottolineare. Questo è il peggior attaccante per problemi di erezione. Scopri diversi metodi per riposare. Alcuni metodi tipici per riposare includono la lettura di un libro, la meditazione, un bagno rilassante o allenamenti di respirazione. Sto solo imparando alcuni semplici allenamenti di respirazione che possono migliorare significativamente il movimento nel reparto pantaloni. Una naturale disfunzione erettile soluzioni di trattamento stanno diventando sempre più popolare con gli uomini. Questi rimedi a base di erbe sono preferiti perché non hanno reazioni avverse e sono confermati essere efficiente come il farmaco. La maggior parte degli uomini combattere parlano dei loro problemi, in particolare la disfunzione erettile come c è poca discussione sui problemi di erezione. La verita e che ED ha un impatto su piu di dieci milioni di uomini solo negli Stati Uniti. Non siete soli e l aiuto è disponibile.
Fmpapoular.pdf
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF A MOLECULAR CRYSTAL : Aspirin C8H5O4-CH2D R.J. Papoular1, W. Paulus 1, P. Schiebel2, W. Prandl2, H. Zimmerman3, A. Detken3, U. Haeberlen3
1Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS)2Institut für Kristallographie, Universität Tübingen, Charlottenstr. 33, D-72070 Tübingen3Max-Plank Institut für medizinische Forschung, D-69120 Heidelberg
The nuclear density distribution of partially deuterated aspirin at 300 K and at 15 K has been determined by single-crystalneutron diffraction coupled with Maximum Entropy image reconstruction (MEM). While fully protonated and deuteratedmethyl groups in aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) have been shown to be delocalized at low temperature due to quantummechanical tunnelling, we provide here direct experimental evidence that in partially deuterated aspirin-CH2D the methyl groupsare orientationally ordered at 15 K whilst randomly distributed over three sites at 300 K. This is the first observation of lowtemperature isotopic ordering in condensed matter by diffraction methods. PHYSICAL BACKGROUND
isotopically mixed methyl groups perform thermally
The quantum mechanical behavior of ever larger and
activated stochastic reorientations between the three
heavier molecules and molecular subunits in
potential wells. Upon cooling, the rate of the
condensed matter is a subject of considerable
reorientations naturally slows down. What happens at
interest . The onset of quantum behavior is usually
low temperature depends crucially on the isotopic
observed at low temperature. Substitution of hydrogen
composition of the methyl group. For CH 3 and CD3,
with deuterium leads to large isotopic effects, in fact
coherent rotational tunnelling was inferred from NMR
the largest ones known in chemical physics.
experiments. This implies that the wavefunction
Spectroscopic methods such as NMR and QENS are
describing the methyl group is such that the three
the prevalent tools to investigate these phenomena.
protons, respectively deuterons, are completely
The rotational dynamics of molecules or side groups
delocalized over three sites. By contrast, partial
such as methyl groups is a very sensitive probe of the
ordering, which implies localization as well as a rapid
interatomic forces in crystals. Rotating a methyl
incoherent process between the almost degenerate
group about the bond connecting it to the rest of the
upper two of the three wells were suggested for
molecule makes it experience a rotational hindering
CH2D, again on the basis of NMR results .
potential which arises from the interactions of the
As shown below, Neutron Diffraction provides a
methyl hydrogens with their surroundings.
direct check of the indirect NMR hints [2-4].
This potential has at least three wells due to themolecular symmetry. At moderately hightemperatures, the methyl groups undergo thermallyactivated reorientations between all three wells,whereas at low temperature, say below 30 K, thedynamics of the methyl groups is usually dominatedby rotational quantum tunnelling [1]. While the dynamics of isotopically uniform methylgroups is by now well understood, little attention hasbeen paid so far to the isotopically mixed CHD2 andCH2D groups. Due to the loss of the three foldpermutation symmetry in the latter, dramaticdifferences in the dynamical behavior are expected. WHY ASPIRIN ? A well-studied case of the dynamics of the CH3 and CD3 groups is that of aspirin C8H5O4-CH3 and C8H5O4-CD3. The observation of rotational tunnelling in this compound by NMR triggered a whole series of studies concerned with the potential and with the dynamics of these methyl groups. These studies show Figure 1. The aspirin molecule. Carbon and oxygen atoms
that from room temperature down to about 35 K the
are shown in blue-green and red. The hydrogen atoms
per-protonated, the per-deuterated as well as the
from the methyl group are shown in blue and theremaining protons attached to the backbone are shown
map reveal any contribution from either the methyl
protons or deuterons. Any information about these
SINGLE-CRYSTAL NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
latter hydrogens (which is definitely present in our
This technique allows us to measure the nuclear
data) is swamped by the inherent residual noise due to
density distribution within the crystallographic unit
cell. This distribution is given by the probability density
Taking this model which does not include methyl
function of finding a nucleus at a given position,
hydrogens as the starting point for the LT structure
multiplied by the coherent neutron scattering length b
refinement, two proton positions and one deuterium
of that nucleus. The probability density function
position are easily located by their negative and
relates to an average over space and time, i.e. over
positive contributions in the difference Fourier map
the volume of the sample and over the duration of the
calculated by SHELXL97. Including these in the
measurement. In case dynamic processes are
structural model without any bond length or bond
involved, then neutron diffraction yields a direct long
angle constraint yields a good final agreement factor
time exposure of those processes. Due to the
opposite signs of the neutron scattering length ofprotons and deuterons ( bH=-3.74 fm, bD=6.67 fm),
MAXIMUM ENTROPY IMAGING
the former yield a negative contribution to the nuclear
We are specifically interested in the nuclear density
scattering density, in contrast to the latter. Thus
distribution arising from the methyl hydrogens. Since
neutron diffraction is an excellent tool for
conventional Fourier syntheses would not reveal the
distinguishing protons from deuterons, and hence for
latter when used on our room temperature data, we
studying isotopic ordering processes such as those
reconstruction method (MEM) to both our LT and RTdata sets. We use our program GIFT (Generalized
A ZERO AVERAGE CONTRAST SAMPLE
Inverse Fourier Transforms) which makes use of the
In order to improve the visibility of the alleged H/D
orientational order of the methyl groups at low
A projection of the 3D MEM-reconstructed nuclear
temperature, we aimed at an aspirin-CX3 sample with
density distribution along the monoclinic b-axis based
an average scattering length <bX> of zero.
on our 15 K data set is shown in Fig.2.
Consequently the single-site nuclear scattering lengthis expected to be close to zero for a randomorientational distribution, for which there will hardly beany coherent scattering from the methyl hydrogens. On the other hand, if ordering occurs, it will then berevealed by positive bumps and negative holes in thenuclear density distribution . OUR EXPERIMENT To test the above-mentioned ideas, we collected data sets from our crystal at 300 K and at 15 K on the four-circle 5C2 diffractometer (λ = 0.8302 Å) at LLB. At both temperatures the crystal was found to be isomorphous to normal protonated aspirin, which had been examined much earlier by X-ray diffraction [5]. The crystal is monoclinic, of space-group P21/c with 4 molecular units per unit cell. We used a crystal from a previous NMR study[3], and for which the requirement <bX> =0 is nearly met. In Figure 2. : Experimental nuclear density distribution of
fact, <bX> ≈ -0.6 fm, about 11 times smaller than
partially deuterated aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) at 15 Kprojected along the monoclinic b-axis. Red contours
D>. A further complication arises from the fact that
our sample comprises approximately 70% CH
pertain to protons, which have a negative scatteringlength, in contrast to deuterium, carbon and oxygenatoms shown here in blue. The solid line delineates asingle aspirin molecule.LEAST-SQUARES RESULTS The program SHELXL97 was used for refinements.
Similarly, the two sections shown below in Fig.3a,b
As expected, neither could methyl hydrogen positions
be found, nor did the calculated difference Fourier
reconstructions of the asymmetric unit of the aspirin
crystal by making use of MEM rather thanconventional Fourier syntheses. Three dramaticimprovements arise : (a) noise suppression, (b)flexibility to use non-uniform prior densities and (c)possibility to tackle partially phased data sets. In thepresent case, there is no phase problem : the phasesof the structure factors are perfectly determined bythe well-behaved atoms known from the X-ray studyby Wheatley[5]. The decisive point is that MEMenables us to locate the methyl hydrogen even atroom temperature. This is demonstrated in Fig.3a, inwhich a section of the nuclear density distributionfunction through the plane of the methyl hydrogens isdisplayed. Three holes, all negative as they should besince <bX> < 0, are clearly seen. Despite being veryshallow, the three minima are robustly reconstructedby MEM. No matter how the reconstruction is carriedout, with or without non-uniform prior scattering
FIG.3a. MEM section of the nuclear density distribution
length densities , the three minima are consistently
through the methyl hydrogens of aspirin obtained from the
reproduced. No prior knowledge about the hydrogen
300 K data set. Note the three shallow minima of almost
positions, available in principle from the 15 K data,
equal depth. They evidence the random occupation of the
was used in reconstructing this density distribution. It
three methyl hydrogen sites by the protons and deuteronswith weights corresponding to the isotopic composition of
demonstrates the superior power of MEM over both
the crystal (see text). The residual (positive) contribution
standard Fourier and least-square techniques and
due to the thermal motion of the carbon atom of the CX3
provides clear evidence of the random distribution of
group has been removed numerically. (density unit :
the methyl protons and deuterons at 300 K over three
geometrically well-defined sites. In Fig.3b, we finally show the nuclear densitydistribution at 15 K for the same section as in Fig.3a,again reconstructed by MEM. The clear message ofthis figure is that the methyl protons and deuteron inaspirin-CH2D are well-ordered at 15 K. The deuteronobviously occupies with high preference the siteassociated with the large positive bump whereas theprotons occupy almost exclusively the sites related tothe negative holes. Truly, the localization of themethyl hydrogens at 15 K is also detectable instandard Fourier maps, albeit with a sizablebackground noise. COPING WITH THE ISOTOPIC MIXTURE Quantitatively, the density distribution displayed in Fig.3b corresponds to the [70%-19%-10%-1%] FIG.3b. MEM section of the nuclear density distribution
superposition of the four isotopic species mentioned
through the methyl hydrogens of aspirin from the 15 K
earlier. This results in effective occupancies for both data set. Note that the vertical scale has been changed by
H and D different from unity when an assumed
a factor of 10 in comparison with that in Fig.3a. Thegraph demonstrates the orientational ordering at 15 K of
We find 0.7, 0.7 and 0.53 for the two protons and the
the most abundant methyl isotopomer, CH2D in our crystal
deuterium respectively. It can then be deduced that
sample. The deuteron occupies almost exclusively the siterelated to the (positive) bump while the protons
the probability of finding a deuteron from the CH2D
preferentially occupy the two sites associated with
isotopic species at the position evidenced by the
(negative) holes. (density unit : fm/A3)
positive bump seen in Fig.3b is at least equal to 0.86. References
[1] M.Prager, A.Heidemann, Chem.Rev. 97, 2933 (1997) [2] A.Detken et al, Z. Naturforsch. 50a, 95 (1995) [3,4] A.Detken , J.Chem.Phys.108, 5845,109,6791(1998)
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